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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0.4em;"><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Geographical_distance" title="Geographical distance">Geographical distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoid" title="Geoid">Geoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a> <small>(<a href="Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">radius</a> and <a href="Earth's_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">circumference</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="Geodetic_coordinates" title="Geodetic coordinates">Geodetic coordinates</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Geodetic datum</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesic" title="Geodesic">Geodesic</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_position_representation" title="Horizontal position representation">Horizontal position representation</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> / <a href="Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a></span></li>

<li><a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">Reference ellipsoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">Satellite geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_relation" title="Spatial relation">Spatial relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">Vertical positions</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Pos. System (GPS)</a></li>

<li><a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Russia)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou (BDS) <span style="font-size: 85%;">(China)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Europe)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NAVIC <span style="font-size: 85%;">(India)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Japan)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Discrete_Global_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Global Grid">Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards (history)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Level Datum of 1929">NGVD 29</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Sea Level Datum 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="OSGB36" class="mw-redirect" title="OSGB36">OSGB36</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="SK-42_reference_system" title="SK-42 reference system">SK-42</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Systema Koordinat 1942 goda</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="ED50" title="ED50">ED50</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Datum 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="South_American_Datum#SAD69" title="South American Datum">SAD69</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> South American Datum 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="GRS_80" class="mw-redirect" title="GRS 80">GRS 80</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geodetic Reference System 1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geographic point coord. 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="North_American_Datum#North_American_Datum_of_1983" title="North American Datum">NAD 83</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> North American Datum 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> World Geodetic System 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">NAVD 88</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> N. American Vertical Datum 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989" title="European Terrestrial Reference System 1989">ETRS89</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">GCJ-02</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Chinese obfuscated datum 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">Geo URI</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Internet link to a point 2010</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="International_Terrestrial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a></li>

<li><a href="SRID" class="mw-redirect" title="SRID">Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>A <b>spatial reference system</b> (<b>SRS</b>) or <b>coordinate reference system</b> (<b>CRS</b>) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on the surface of Earth as coordinates. It is thus the application of the abstract mathematics of <a href="Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate systems</a> and <a href="Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">analytic geometry</a> to geographic space. A particular SRS specification (for example, "<a href="Universal_Transverse_Mercator" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Transverse Mercator">Universal Transverse Mercator</a> <a href="WGS_84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS 84">WGS 84</a> Zone 16N") comprises a choice of <a href="Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">Earth ellipsoid</a>, <a href="Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">horizontal datum</a>, <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projection</a> (except in the <a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">geographic coordinate system</a>), origin point, and unit of measure. Thousands of coordinate systems have been specified for use around the world or in specific regions and for various purposes, necessitating <a href="Geographic_coordinate_conversion" title="Geographic coordinate conversion">transformations</a> between different SRS.

</p><p>Although they date to the <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, spatial reference systems are now a crucial basis for the sciences and technologies of <a href="Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a>, including <a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a>, <a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, <a href="Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, and <a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>. This has led to their standardization in international specifications such as the <a href="EPSG_code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPSG code">EPSG codes</a><sup id="cite_ref-epsg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>ISO 19111:2019 Geographic information—Spatial referencing by coordinates</i>, prepared by <a href="ISO/TC_211" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/TC 211">ISO/TC 211</a>, also published by the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> as <i>Abstract Specification, Topic 2: Spatial referencing by coordinate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ogc_as_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogc_as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_systems">Types of systems</h2></div>

<p>The thousands of spatial reference systems used today are based on a few general strategies, which have been defined in the EPSG, ISO, and OGC standards:<sup id="cite_ref-epsg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ogc_as_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogc_as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinate system</a> (or geodetic)</dt>

<dd>A <a href="Spherical_coordinate_system" title="Spherical coordinate system">spherical coordinate system</a> measuring locations directly on the Earth (modeled as a <a href="Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> or ellipsoid) using <a href="Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> (degrees north or south of the <a href="Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>) and <a href="Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> (degrees west or east of a <a href="Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a>).</dd>

<dt><a href="Geocentric_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric coordinate system">Geocentric coordinate system</a> (or Earth-centered Earth-fixed)</dt>

<dd>A three-dimensional <a href="Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">cartesian coordinate system</a> that models the Earth as a three-dimensional object, measuring locations from a center point, usually the <a href="Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> of the Earth, along x, y, and z axes aligned with the <a href="Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and the <a href="Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a>. This system is commonly used to track the orbits of <a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, because they are based on the center of mass. Thus, this is the internal coordinate system used by <a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a> systems such as <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> to compute locations using <a href="True-range_multilateration" title="True-range multilateration">multilateration</a>.</dd>

<dt><a href="Projected_coordinate_system" title="Projected coordinate system">Projected coordinate system</a> (or planar, grid) </dt>

<dd>A standardized <a href="Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">cartesian coordinate system</a> that models the Earth (or more commonly, a large region thereof) as a plane, measuring locations from an arbitrary origin point along x and y axes more or less aligned with the cardinal directions. Each of these systems is based on a particular <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a> to create a planar surface from the curved Earth surface. These are generally defined and used strategically to minimize the distortions inherent to projections. Common examples include the <a href="Universal_transverse_mercator" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal transverse mercator">Universal transverse mercator</a> (UTM) and national systems such as the <a href="Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">British National Grid</a>, and <a href="State_Plane_Coordinate_System" title="State Plane Coordinate System">State Plane Coordinate System</a> (SPCS).</dd>

<dt>Engineering coordinate system (or local, custom)</dt>

<dd>A <a href="Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">cartesian coordinate system</a> (2-D or 3-D) that is created bespoke for a small area, often a single engineering project, over which the curvature of the Earth can be safely approximated as flat without significant distortion. Locations are typically measured directly from an arbitrary origin point using <a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> techniques. These may or may not be aligned with a standard projected coordinate system. <a href="Local_tangent_plane_coordinates" title="Local tangent plane coordinates">Local tangent plane coordinates</a> are a type of local coordinate system used in aviation and marine vehicles.</dd>

<dt>Vertical reference frame</dt>

<dd>a standard reference system for measuring <a href="Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> using <a href="Vertical_datum" title="Vertical datum">vertical datums</a>, based on <a href="Levelling" title="Levelling">levelling</a>, a <a href="Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> model, or a <a href="Chart_datum" title="Chart datum">chart datum</a> (considering <a href="Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tides</a>).</dd></dl>

<p>These standards acknowledge that standard reference systems also exist for <a href="Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">time</a> (e.g. <a href="ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a>). These may be combined with a spatial reference system to form a <i>compound coordinate system</i> for representing three-dimensional and/or spatio-temporal locations. There are also internal systems for measuring location within the context of an object, such as the rows and columns of pixels in a <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster image</a>, <a href="Linear_referencing" title="Linear referencing">Linear referencing</a> measurements along linear features (e.g., highway mileposts), and systems for specifying location within moving objects such as ships. The latter two are often classified as subcategories of engineering coordinate systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>The goal of any spatial reference system is to create a common reference frame in which locations can be measured precisely and consistently as coordinates, which can then be shared unambiguously, so that any recipient can identify the same location that was originally intended by the originator.<sup id="cite_ref-OSGB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSGB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accomplish this, any coordinate reference system definition needs to be composed of several specifications:

</p>

<ul><li>A <a href="Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate system</a>, an abstract framework for measuring locations. Like any mathematical coordinate system, its definition consists of a measurable space (whether a plane, a three-dimension void, or the surface of an object such as the Earth), an origin point, a set of axis vectors emanating from the origin, and a unit of measure.</li>

<li>A <a href="Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">geodetic datum</a> (horizontal, vertical, or three-dimensional) which binds the abstract coordinate system to the real space of the Earth. A horizontal datum can be defined as a precise reference framework for measuring <a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">geographic coordinates</a> (latitude and longitude). Examples include the <a href="World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a> and the 1927 and 1983 <a href="North_American_Datum" title="North American Datum">North American Datum</a>. A datum generally consists of an estimate of the shape of the Earth (usually an ellipsoid), and one or more <i>anchor points</i> or <i>control points</i>, established locations (often marked by physical monuments) for which the measurement is documented.</li>

<li>A definition for a projected CRS must also include a choice of <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projection</a> to convert the spherical coordinates specified by the datum into cartesian coordinates on a planar surface.</li></ul>

<p>Thus, a CRS definition will typically consist of a "stack" of dependent specifications, as exemplified in the following table:

</p>

<th>Ellipsoid</th>

<th>Horizontal Datum</th>

<th>Projection</th>

<th>Origin</th>

<th>Unit of Measure

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>ellipsoidal (lat, lon)</td>

<td>equator/prime meridian</td>

<td>equator, prime meridian</td>

<td>degree of arc

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Clarke 1866</td>

<td>cartesian (x,y)</td>

<td>Transverse Mercator: central meridian 81°W, scaled 0.9996</td>

<td>equator, 81°W meridian</td>

<td>meter

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="State_plane_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="State plane coordinate system">SPCS</a> Tennessee Zone NAD 83 (2011) ftUS</td>

<td><a href="North_American_Datum" title="North American Datum">NAD 83</a> (2011 epoch)</td>

<td>cartesian (x,y)</td>

<td>Lambert Conformal Conic: center 86°W, 34°20'N, standard parallels 35°15'N, 36°25'N</td>

<td>600 km grid west of center point</td>

<td>grid east at center point, 86°W meridian</td>

<td>US survey foot

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_by_continent">Examples by continent</h2></div>

<p>Examples of systems around the world are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Global_Navigation_Grid_Code" title="Global Navigation Grid Code">Chinese Global Navigation Grid Code</a>, China</li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Cassini_Soldner" title="Israeli Cassini Soldner">Israeli Cassini Soldner</a>, Israel</li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Transverse_Mercator" title="Israeli Transverse Mercator">Israeli Transverse Mercator</a>, Israel</li>

<li><a href="Jordan_Transverse_Mercator" title="Jordan Transverse Mercator">Jordan Transverse Mercator</a>, Jordan</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="British_national_grid_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British national grid reference system">British national grid reference system</a>, Britain</li>

<li>Lambert-93 <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_conique_conforme_de_Lambert" class="extiw external" title="fr:Projection conique conforme de Lambert">(fr)</a>, the official projection in <a href="Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenic_Geodetic_Reference_System_1987" title="Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987">Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987</a>, Greece</li>

<li><a href="Irish_grid_reference_system" title="Irish grid reference system">Irish grid reference system</a>, Ireland</li>

<li><a href="Irish_Transverse_Mercator" title="Irish Transverse Mercator">Irish Transverse Mercator</a>, Ireland</li>

<li>SWEREF 99 <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWEREF_99" class="extiw external" title="sv:SWEREF 99">(sv)</a>, Sweden</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_National_Grid" title="United States National Grid">United States National Grid</a>, US</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambert_conformal_conic_projection" title="Lambert conformal conic projection">Lambert conformal conic projection</a></li>

<li><a href="MapCode" class="mw-redirect" title="MapCode">International mapcode system</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_Grid_Reference_System" title="Military Grid Reference System">Military Grid Reference System</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifiers">Identifiers</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SRID" redirects here. For the polyhedron, see <a href="Rhombicosidodecahedron" title="Rhombicosidodecahedron">Rhombicosidodecahedron</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>Spatial Reference System Identifier</b> (<b>SRID</b>) is a unique value used to unambiguously identify projected, unprojected, and local spatial coordinate system definitions. These coordinate systems form the heart of all <a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> applications.

</p><p>Virtually all major spatial vendors have created their own SRID implementation or refer to those of an authority, such as the <a href="EPSG_Geodetic_Parameter_Dataset" title="EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset">EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset</a>.

</p><p>SRIDs are the primary key for the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)</a> <b>spatial_ref_sys</b> metadata table for the <a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features for SQL Specification, Versions 1.1 and 1.2</a>, which is defined as follows:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SPATIAL_REF_SYS</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SRID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INTEGER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AUTH_NAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">CHARACTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">VARYING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">256</span><span class="p">),</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AUTH_SRID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INTEGER</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SRTEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">CHARACTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">VARYING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2048</span><span class="p">)</span>

</pre></div>

<p>In spatially enabled databases (such as <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>, <a href="IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">IBM Informix</a>, <a href="Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a>, <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a>, <a href="MonetDB" title="MonetDB">MonetDB</a>, <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="Oracle_RDBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle RDBMS">Oracle RDBMS</a>, <a href="Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a>, <a href="PostGIS" title="PostGIS">PostGIS</a>, <a href="SQL_Anywhere" title="SQL Anywhere">SQL Anywhere</a> and <a href="Vertica" title="Vertica">Vertica</a>), SRIDs are used to uniquely identify the coordinate systems used to define columns of spatial data or individual spatial objects in a spatial column (depending on the spatial implementation). SRIDs are typically associated with a <a href="Well-known_text_representation_of_coordinate_reference_systems" title="Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems">well-known text</a> (WKT) string definition of the coordinate system (SRTEXT, above).

Here are two common coordinate systems with their EPSG SRID value followed by their WKT:

</p><p>UTM, Zone 17N, NAD27 — SRID 2029:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nx">PROJCS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"NAD27(76) / UTM zone 17N"</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">GEOGCS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"NAD27(76)"</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DATUM</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"North_American_Datum_1927_1976"</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">SPHEROID</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Clarke 1866"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">6378206.4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">294.9786982138982</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"7008"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"6608"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PRIMEM</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Greenwich"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"8901"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">UNIT</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"degree"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.01745329251994328</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"9122"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"4608"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">UNIT</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"metre"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"9001"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PROJECTION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Transverse_Mercator"</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PARAMETER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"latitude_of_origin"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PARAMETER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"central_meridian"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">81</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PARAMETER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"scale_factor"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.9996</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PARAMETER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"false_easting"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">500000</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PARAMETER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"false_northing"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"2029"</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AXIS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Easting"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">EAST</span><span class="p">],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AXIS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Northing"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">NORTH</span><span class="p">]]</span>

</pre></div>

<p><a href="WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a> — SRID 4326

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nx">GEOGCS</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"WGS 84"</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DATUM</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"WGS_1984"</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">SPHEROID</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"WGS 84"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">6378137</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">298.257223563</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"7030"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"6326"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PRIMEM</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Greenwich"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"8901"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">UNIT</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"degree"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.01745329251994328</span><span class="p">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"9122"</span><span class="p">]],</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">AUTHORITY</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"EPSG"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"4326"</span><span class="p">]]</span>

</pre></div>

<p>SRID values associated with spatial data can be used to constrain spatial operations — for instance, spatial operations cannot be performed between spatial objects with differing SRIDs in some systems, or trigger coordinate system transformations between spatial objects in others.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Engineering_datum" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering datum">Engineering datum</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Geodetic datum</a></li>

<li><a href="Georeferencing" title="Georeferencing">Georeferencing</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_coordinate_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate systems">Geographic coordinate systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> (<a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a>).</li>

<li><a href="Grid_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid reference">Grid reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_referencing" title="Linear referencing">Linear referencing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_National_Coordinate_Reference_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Coordinate Reference Systems">List of National Coordinate Reference Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Terms_of_orientation" title="Terms of orientation">Terms of orientation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epsg.org/guidance-notes.html">"Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1"</a>. <i>EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset</i>. Geomatic Solutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215215824/https://epsg.org/guidance-notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ogc_as-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ogc_as_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ogc_as_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.ogc.org/as/18-005r5/18-005r5.html">"OGC Abstract Specification Topic 2: Referencing by coordinates Corrigendum"</a>. <i>Open Geospatial Consortium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730043924/http://docs.ogc.org/as/18-005r5/18-005r5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OSGB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSGB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061607/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/support/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf"><i>A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, D00659 v2.3, Ordnance Survey, 2020, p. 11, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property:

<ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P3037" class="extiw external" title="d:Property talk:P3037">spatial reference system (P3037)</a></i></b> (see <span class=""><a class="external text external" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP3037%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P3037%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spatialreference.org/">spatialreference.org</a> – A website with more than 13000 spatial reference systems, in a variety of formats.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/specs/?page=specs">OpenGIS Specifications (Standards)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041213090611/http://www.opengeospatial.org/specs/?page=specs">Archived</a> 2004-12-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfc">OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for CORBA (99-054)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfo">OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for OLE/COM (99-050)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs">OpenGIS Simple Features Specification for SQL (99-054, 05-134, 06-104r3)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdal.org/ogr/">OGR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422001312/http://www.gdal.org/ogr/">Archived</a> 2006-04-22 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — library implementing relevant OGC standards</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epsg.org/">EPSG.org</a> - Official EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset webpage. Search engine for EPSG defined reference systems.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsg.io/">EPSG.io/</a> - Full text search indexing over 6000 coordinate systems</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galdosinc.com/products/indicio-crs-registry">Galdos Systems INdicio CRS Registry</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_the_Open_Geospatial_Consortium_(OGC)53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Standards_of_the_Open_Geospatial_Consortium_(OGC)53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> (OGC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GeoPackage" title="GeoPackage">GeoPackage</a></li>

<li><a href="GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li>

<li><a href="GeoSPARQL" title="GeoSPARQL">GeoSPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="OGC_Reference_Model" title="OGC Reference Model">OGC Reference Model</a></li>

<li><a href="SensorML" title="SensorML">SensorML</a></li>

<li><a href="TransducerML" title="TransducerML">TransducerML</a></li>

<li><a href="WaterML" title="WaterML">WaterML</a></li>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 series</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Spatial_reference_system&oldid=1289251899">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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